Xanthium strumarium L.

xanthium strumarium L.

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Vernacular Names

1. Assamese : Mahaneem. Maha-neem 2. Bengali : Neem 3. English : Indian Lilac, Margosa, Margosa tree, Neem,Neem tree 4. Gujarati : Limba 5. Hindi : Neem 6. Irula : Veeppa, maram 7. Kannada : Bevu/ Kirubevu, Turakabevu 8. Malayalam : Ariyaveppu, Ayurveppu, Kaippanveppu , Nimbam, Vembu, Veppu 9. Marathi : Nimbay 10. Tamil : Sengumaru, Vembu, Veppa, Veppai 11. Telugu : Vepa Source : FRLHT’s ENVIS
Botanical Description

Azadirachta indica is a tropical evergreen of the MELIACEAE family that grows up to 25 m high. It has rough dark brown bark with wide longitudinal fissures separated by flat ridges. The leaves are compound, imparipinnate, each comprising 5-15 leaflets that are arranged in alternate pairs with terminal leaflets. The compound leaves are themselves alternating with one another. The thin, lanceolate leaflets measure about 6 cm long and 2 cm broad. It bears many flowered panicles, mostly in the leaf-axils. The sepals are ovate and about 1 cm long with sweet scented white oblanceolate petals. It produces yellow drupes that are ellipsoid and glabrous, 12-20 cm long. Source : Medicinal plants of the world: chemical constituents, traditional and modem medicinal uses by Ivan Ross (Volume 2 )
Conservation Status

Least concern source : IUCN
Medicinal uses

Hot water extract of the bark is taken orally by the adult female as a tonic and emmenagogue. The hot water extract of the dried fixed oil is taken orally as an emmenagogue. Anthraquinone fraction of the dried flower, fruit and leaf is taken orally for leprosy. Hot water extract of the flower and leaf is taken orally as an antihistorical remedy, and is used externally to treat wounds. The dried flowers are taken orally for diabetes. Hot water extract of the dried fruit is used for piles and externally for skin diseases and ulcers. Hot water extract of the entire plant is taken orally as an anthelmintic, an insecticide and a purgative. Juices of the bark of Andrographis paniculate, Azadirachta indica and Tinospora cordifolia are taken orally as a treatment for filariasis. Hot water extract of the bark is taken with water, orally before breakfast, for leprosy. The extract is also taken for fever and diabetes, and as a tonic, refrigerant, anthelmintic and antiperiodic. The fresh fruit is used externally for leprosy. Fruit, leaf and root, ground and mixed with dried ginger and "trifala", a preparation consisting of the powdered fruit of Terminalia bellerica (Gaertn.) Roxb., T. Chebula Retz, and Emblica officinalis Gaertn., is taken orally with lukewarm water to treat common fevers. Leaf juice is administered by intravenous infusion for chronic skin diseases, and is taken orally as an anthelmintic. Source : Medicinal Plants of the World

S.No	Phytochemical Name	Phytochemical ID	Synonym	Part
1	Sibirolides	N.A		Fruit
2	Norxanthantolides	N.A		Fruit
3	xanthinin	CID_160533	Xanthumin Ksantinin	Leaves
5	xanthanol	CID_72861	9-Hydroxyxanthene 9H-Xanthen-9-ol Xanthydrol	Leaves
7	Isoxanthanol	N.A		Leaves
8	xanthumanol	N.A		Leaves
6	xanthanol Acetate	N.A		Leaves
9	deacetoxylxanthumin	N.A		Leaves
10	xanthatin	CID_5281511	3aR,7S,8aS)-7-methyl-3-methylidene-6-[(E)-3-oxobut-1-enyl]-4,7,8,8a-tetrahydro-3aH cyclohepta[b]furan-2-one	Leaves
11	xanthinosin	CID_44453629	N.A	Leaves
12	tomentosin	CID_155173	Xanthalongi 6-Deacetoxybritanlin G	Leaves
13	xanthnon	N.A		Aerial part
15	5-azuleneacetic acid	N.A		Aerial part
14	pungiolide D	N.A		Aerial part
16	betulin	CID_72326	Betulinol Betuline Trochol	Root
17	erythrodiol	CID_101761	3beta-Erythrodiol (3beta)-Olean-12-ene-3,28-diol	Root
18	betulinic acid	CID_64971	Betulic acid Mairin Lupatic Acid	Root
19	lup-20(29)-en-3-ol	CID_521518	3.beta.-Lup-20(29)-en-3-ol	Aerial part
20	lupenyl acetate	CID_92157	Lupeol acetate Lupeyl acetate	Aerial part
22	ɑ-myrin	N.A		Leaves
23	Oleanolic acid	CID_10494	Oleanic acid Caryophyllin Astrantiagenin C	Aerial part
24	Xanthiumnolic A	N.A		Fruit
25	Xanthiumnolic C	N.A		Fruit
26	Chlorogenic acid	CID_1794427	3-(3,4-Dihydroxycinnamoyl)quinic acid 3-O-Caffeoylquinic acid	Fruit
27	N-trans-feruloyl tyramine	CID_5280537	Moupinamide Feruloyltyramine	Root
28	1,3-di-O- caffeoylquinic acid	CID_6474640	1,3-Dicaffeoylquinic acid 1,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid Cynarin	Fruit
29	ferulic acid	CID_445858	4-Hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid	Fruit
30	caffeic acid	CID_689043	3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid trans-caffeic acid	Fruit
31	isovanillic acid	CID_12575	3-Hydroxy-p-anisic acid Acide isovanillique	Whole part
32	7-(4-hydroxy-3- methoxyphenyl)-1-phenylhept-4-en-3-one	CID_5318278	N.A	Root
33	coniferine	N.A		Fruit
34	arbutin	CID_440936	Arbutoside Ursin Uvasol	Fruit
35	icariside F2	CID_14079045	benzyl acuminose	Fruit
36	icariside D1	CID_13893574	Phenylethanol + Hex-Pen	Fruit
37	caffeic acid choline ester	N.A		Fruit
38	xanthiumnolic B	N.A		Fruit
39	leptolepisol D	N.A		Fruit
40	chushizisin E	CID_44188450	N.A	Fruit
41	diospyrosin	N.A		Fruit
42	balanophonin A	CID_102203089	N.A	Fruit
43	dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol	CID_5372367	4-[3-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[(E)-3-hydroxyprop-1-enyl]-7-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-2-yl]-2 methoxyphenol	Fruit

Xanthatin was found to be the major and most active compound against T. b. brucei with an IC(50) value of 2.63 µg/mL and a selectivity index of 20. The possible mode of action of xanthatin was further evaluated.

Source: : khan et al.,2020

3D phytochemicals

AMMPDB VER.1.1

xanthium strumarium L.

Common name: Ghaghra

Source: : khan et al.,2020